TRAVERSING OF COMPASS SURVEYING The surveying which involves a series of connected lines is known as Traversing. The sides of traverse are known as Traverse legs’. In traversing, the lengths of the Traverse legs are measured by chain or tape. The directions of traverse legs are fixed by compass or Theodolite. If the traversing is … Read more
COMPASS SURVEYING — Purpose, Principles, Field Procedure, Errors And Precautions In chain surveying the area to be surveyed is divided into connected triangles and only linear measurements are taken The chain surveying is suitable when the area to be surveyed is small and fairly flat. However, when the area to be surveyed is large, then … Read more
FIELD WORK PROCEDURE Field work procedure in chain surveying shall be carried out as per the following steps. 1.first Reconnaissance: Earlier to the starting of survey work, the surveyor should walk around the whole area to be surveyed, and check the possibility of arrangement of frame work. During his investigation, he should also fixes … Read more
OBSTACLES IN CHAIN SURVEYING OBSTACLES IN CHAIN SURVEYING The objects, which create obstruction or difficulty in continuing the chaining of a survey line, are called obstacles. There are many obstacles which create obstruction to the chaining or ranging, they may be pond, Hill, river, valley, building etc. Various methods are adopted to overcome these … Read more
DEFINE SURVEYING ,PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING DEFINE SURVEYING ,PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLE OF : Basic Concept of surveying is to collect data about points on the surface of the earth, prepare plans and maps, calculate areas and volumes, and transfer points from plans to the ground.Surveying is essential in all Civil Engineering activities, including the … Read more
DIVISION OF SURVEYING Division of Surveying is divided into two main divisions. They are 1. Plane Surveying and 2 Geodetic Surveying 1. Plane Surveying : Plane Surveying is that type of surveying in which the spheroidal shape of the earth is neglected and the shape of the earth is considered as plane. This is because, … Read more
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING Surveys may be classified in four different ways, they are discussed as under 1. Classification Based on Instruments Used: (a) Chain Survey: It is done by using chain or tape, by measuring linear distances. Metric chains 20 or 30 m are used. The principle used is chain triangulation, in this method the … Read more
LINEAR MEASUREMENTS AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS Linear Measurements: •The unit of measurement of distance is metres and centimetres. •But currently S.I. units are under practice, the unit of linear measurement is metres and millimeters •However, prior to the introduction of above act in India, the unit of linear measurements are feet, tenth and hundredths of a … Read more
SCALES AND TYPES OF SCALES SCALES AND TYPES OF SCALES – Scale: All of us know that, always it is not possible to represent the actual size of an object on a drawing. So, it is required to reduce or increase the linear dimensions of the object, in order to accommodate it on a drawing, … Read more
Stages of Survey Operations Survey operations involves the following: 1. Planning the survey work. 2. Selecting appropriate instruments depending upon the nature of survey. 3. Organizing field survey operations. 4. Collecting and recording data from the field by taking linear and angular measurements. 5. Office work like calculations and plotting. 6. Taking care of instruments … Read more