DEFINE SURVEYING ,PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING DEFINE SURVEYING ,PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLE OF : Basic Concept of surveying is to collect data about points on the surface of the earth, prepare plans and maps, calculate areas and volumes, and transfer points from plans to the ground.Surveying is essential in all Civil Engineering activities, including the … Read more
DIVISION OF SURVEYING Division of Surveying is divided into two main divisions. They are 1. Plane Surveying and 2 Geodetic Surveying 1. Plane Surveying : Plane Surveying is that type of surveying in which the spheroidal shape of the earth is neglected and the shape of the earth is considered as plane. This is because, … Read more
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING Surveys may be classified in four different ways, they are discussed as under 1. Classification Based on Instruments Used: (a) Chain Survey: It is done by using chain or tape, by measuring linear distances. Metric chains 20 or 30 m are used. The principle used is chain triangulation, in this method the … Read more
LINEAR MEASUREMENTS AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS Linear Measurements: •The unit of measurement of distance is metres and centimetres. •But currently S.I. units are under practice, the unit of linear measurement is metres and millimeters •However, prior to the introduction of above act in India, the unit of linear measurements are feet, tenth and hundredths of a … Read more
SCALES AND TYPES OF SCALES SCALES AND TYPES OF SCALES – Scale: All of us know that, always it is not possible to represent the actual size of an object on a drawing. So, it is required to reduce or increase the linear dimensions of the object, in order to accommodate it on a drawing, … Read more
Stages of Survey Operations Survey operations involves the following: 1. Planning the survey work. 2. Selecting appropriate instruments depending upon the nature of survey. 3. Organizing field survey operations. 4. Collecting and recording data from the field by taking linear and angular measurements. 5. Office work like calculations and plotting. 6. Taking care of instruments … Read more
BASICS SURVEYING MEASUREMENT AND UNITS Basic and Derived units of length. Area and volume in the SI system QUANTITY NAME OF THE SI UNITS SYMBOL 1. LENGTH Metre m Kilometre km Centimetre … Read more
GRADES OF CONCRETE AND IT’S APPLICATIONS GRADES OF CONCRETE AND IT’S APPLICATIONS: In this lecture I am going to discuss about the various grades of concrete in which I will introduce you about grades of concrete 1.concrete cube test. 2. The groups of concrete grades 3. Types of concrete grades and their ingredient ratios 4. … Read more
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE AND MOUTHPIECES Flow through orifice and mouthpiece Users measure the rate of flow of liquid using both the orifices and mouthpieces. ORIFICE An orifice is a small opening of any cross section (such as Fe circular, square, triangular, rectangular etc.) made in the walls or the bottom of a tank containing liquid, … Read more
FLOW OVER NOTCHES AND WEIRS Flow over notches and weirs There is no difference between a notch and a weir, except that the former is a small structure and has sharp edges.The sheet of water flowing through a notch or a weir is called as Nappe or Vein. The bottom of the notch … Read more