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Q. It was found that the length of a line is 600 m when measured with a 20 m chain. If the chain is 15 cm short,find out the correct length of line Options: A.600m B. 593.6m C.400m D. 595.5 Solution True length of the chain, L=20m Error in chain , e=15cm = 0.15m too … Read more
DEFINITIONS OF COMPASS SURVEYING 1. Bearing: The bearing of a line is the horizontal angle, established with reference to a some fixed line, called Meridian. 2. Meridian: Meridian is a fixed direction on the surface of the earth. The bearings of the survey lines are measured with reference to the meridians. The following are the … Read more
TYPES OF COMPASS There are two types of compasses generally used in surveyling They are (1) The prismatic compass and (2) The surveyor’s compass THE PRISMATIC COMPASS In this compass, the readings are measured with the help of a prism. Hence, it is called prismatic compass. The main advantage of this compass is the sighting … Read more
TRAVERSING OF COMPASS SURVEYING The surveying which involves a series of connected lines is known as Traversing. The sides of traverse are known as Traverse legs’. In traversing, the lengths of the Traverse legs are measured by chain or tape. The directions of traverse legs are fixed by compass or Theodolite. If the traversing is … Read more
CHAIN SURVEYING—PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLE OF CHAIN SURVEYING Chain surveying is one of the methods of land surveying. Chain surveying is the simplest and at the same time most accurate method of surveying, when the area of land to be surveyed is limited. In this type of surveying, only linear measurements are taken in the field, … Read more
EQUIPMENT USED FOR CHAIN SURVEYING The following equipments are used for chain surveying (a) Metric chain (20 or 30 m) (b) Arrows (c) Metallic tape (d) Ranging rods (e) Offset rod (f) Cross-staff or Optical square (g) Plumb-bob (h) Wooden pegs (i) Mallet (J) Field book (k) Pencils, Eraser, Knife etc., CHAIN Chains are prepared … Read more
RANGING AND CHAINING OF SURVEY LINES RANGING A SURVEY LINE Process of establishing intermediate points on a survey line, The process between two stations is known as ranging of survey lines or simply ranging. Ranging must be done before chaining a survey line, if the distance between two stations is more than the length of … Read more
FIELD WORK PROCEDURE Field work procedure in chain surveying shall be carried out as per the following steps. 1.first Reconnaissance: Earlier to the starting of survey work, the surveyor should walk around the whole area to be surveyed, and check the possibility of arrangement of frame work. During his investigation, he should also fixes … Read more
OBSTACLES IN CHAIN SURVEYING OBSTACLES IN CHAIN SURVEYING The objects, which create obstruction or difficulty in continuing the chaining of a survey line, are called obstacles. There are many obstacles which create obstruction to the chaining or ranging, they may be pond, Hill, river, valley, building etc. Various methods are adopted to overcome these … Read more
DEFINE SURVEYING ,PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING DEFINE SURVEYING ,PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLE OF : Basic Concept of surveying is to collect data about points on the surface of the earth, prepare plans and maps, calculate areas and volumes, and transfer points from plans to the ground.Surveying is essential in all Civil Engineering activities, including the … Read more